3.1 Top-down biases. The term top-down is used to refer to biases that are generated by the cognitive demands of the task, and not by the competing stimuli themselves. Top-down biases are thought to exert there influence of visual cortex, at least initially, via feedback mechanisms from frontoparietal cortex.
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What is an example of top-down processing?
One classic example of top-down processing in action is a phenomenon known as the Stroop effect. In this task, people are shown a list of words printed in different colors. They’re then asked to name the ink color, rather than the word itself.
What is meant by top-down process?
Top-down processing is the process of using context or general knowledge to understand what we perceive. Richard Gregory introduced the concept of top-down processing in 1970. We use top-down processing to quickly understand the sensory input we take in when we interact with different environments.
What is top-down theory?
Top-down processing is perceiving the world around us by drawing from what we already know in order to interpret new information (Gregory, 1970). Top-down theories are hypotheses-driven, and stress the importance of higher mental processes such as expectations, beliefs, values and social influences.
What is top-down vs bottom-up processing?
Bottom-up processing begins with the retrieval of sensory information from our external environment to build perceptions based on the current input of sensory information. Top-down processing is the interpretation of incoming information based on prior knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
What is top-down reasoning?
Top-down reasoning in ethics is when the reasoner starts from abstract universalisable principles and then reasons down them to particular situations. Bottom-up reasoning occurs when the reasoner starts from intuitive particular situational judgements and then reasons up to principles.
What does from the top-down mean?
Definition of top-down
1 : controlled, directed, or instituted from the top level a top-down corporate structure. 2 : proceeding by breaking large general aspects (as of a problem) into smaller more detailed constituents : working from the general to the specific top-down programming top-down design.
What’s an example of bottom-up processing?
Bottom-up processing takes place as it happens. For example, if you see an image of an individual letter on your screen, your eyes transmit the information to your brain, and your brain puts all of this information together.
What are the advantages of top-down approach?
One of the most important advantages of top-down planning is that targets can be set quickly for the whole business. There is no time wasted in analyzing each department’s performance, and management can rapidly implement the company’s goals.
What is another word for top-down?
In this page you can discover 10 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for top-down, like: hierarchical, carrot-and-stick, bottom-up, extrapolative, third-person, click-to-type, technocratic, decentralise, pragmatic and one-size-fits-all.
What is the opposite of top-down?
The bottom up approach is essentially the opposite of top down. With bottom up planning, specific goals are set by the lower levels of workers in the company and eventually work their way up to become part of the larger company’s goals.
What does top-down mean slang?
top-down. adjective. controlled, directed, or organized from the top. Slang.
What are the pros & cons of top-down?
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Top-Down Budgeting
- Pro: Better Financial Control.
- Pro: Accountability of Staff.
- Pro: Faster Budgeting Process.
- Con: Inaccurate Forecasting.
- Con: Potential for Underperformance.
- Con: Poor Employee Morale.
What are weaknesses in top-down approach?
Disadvantages of the top-down approach include: Low participation (this is likely to influence the implementation of the plans in a negative way). Requires a lot of knowledge at the top level. Does not use specialized knowledge which may be present in the lower echelons of the organization.
What is a top-down structure?
The popular concept of a top-down hierarchical structure typically shows a dictator (on a spectrum somewhere from malevolent to benevolent) who sits at the top of the organization and literally dictates down decisions to be implemented by their minions. A tyrant is a tyrant in any structure.
What is top-down management?
Often referred to as command-and-control, top-down management is often the default. In this hierarchical style of management, the power and decision-making generally remain with those at the top (though there might be some input from middle management). Information tends to flow slowly and only in one direction.
What is another word for birds eye view?
In this page you can discover 8 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for bird-s-eye-view, like: fly-on-the-wall, overview, panorama, pandect, aerial view, bird s-eye survey, comprehensive view and worm-s-eye-view.
What does the term bottom up mean?
Definition of bottom-up
: progressing upward from the lowest levels (as of a stratified organization or system) bottom-up management.
Why is bottom-up approach better?
Increased Collaboration
A bottom-up approach helps improve employee collaboration as everyone is involved in the decision-making process and has input into how things are done. Communication will be two-way, and employees will feel empowered to share new ideas with their managers.
What is Bottomup leadership?
In bottom-up leadership, those at the top of the pyramid welcome the shared expectations, values and ideas from those under them to create plans and execute change. In today’s terms, they collaborate with the frontline workers, the associates who deliver services or products and make up the pyramid’s foundation.
Is culture top-down or bottom-up?
The truth is, there is no one answer to this, and most businesses will find that a combination of both approaches is the most effective way to ensure your company culture works for you.